After reviewing how paired comparison has been dealt with in comparative politics, the article details a number of its advantages and pitfalls, illustrates them through the work of four major pairing comparativists, and proposes what is distinct about the strategy.
It closes with a number of suggestions for using paired comparison more effectively. Keywords paired comparison, methodology, comparative theory This article examines a strategy of comparative analysis that has been widely used but little theorized—paired comparison. And it has recently been used effectively by authors as different as Valerie Bunce, Peter. Claibourn, Paul S. This article tests a key hypothesis of the social capital literature: voluntarymemberships and generalized trust reproduce one another.
Panel data from the Michigan Socializa-tion Studies from to are used to test the contemporaneous and lagged effects of interpersonal trust on joining grou Abstract - Cited by 22 0 self - Add to MetaCart This article tests a key hypothesis of the social capital literature: voluntarymemberships and generalized trust reproduce one another.
Panel data from the Michigan Socializa-tion Studies from to are used to test the contemporaneous and lagged effects of interpersonal trust on joining groups and the contemporaneous and lagged effects of joining groups on interpersonal trust.
We find no evidence supporting the hypothesis that interpersonal trust encourages group memberships and only limited evidence suggesting that belonging to groups makes individuals more trusting. Key words: social capital; voluntary associations; interpersonal trust. This research studies how changes in manufacturing requirements affect production line performance in a focused factory.
Specifically, we examine whether production line labor productivity and conformance quality decline as the range of models produced and the heterogeneity of production volume incr Abstract - Cited by 18 7 self - Add to MetaCart This research studies how changes in manufacturing requirements affect production line performance in a focused factory. Specifically, we examine whether production line labor productivity and conformance quality decline as the range of models produced and the heterogeneity of production volume increase in a factory designed for high volume production of a narrow range of models.
We use the organizational nature of production lines to argue that the performance of focused production lines will decline when the lines adopt new manufacturing tasks that are outside the scope of the absorptive capacity developed through the execution of their prior focused manufacturing task, but not otherwise.
The study examines four years of data from sixteen production lines of a compressor manufacturing factory of the Copeland Corporation.
Our statistical analysis identifies limits to change, suggests paths to successfully changing the manufacturing requirements of a focused factory, and places the operations strategy discussion of focused factories in a dynamic environment. Unemployment and crime: Toward resolving the paradox by Cezary A.
While official crime statistics from many countries show that unemployed people have high crime rates and that communities with a lot of unemployment experi-ence a lot of crime, this cross-sectional relationship is very often not found in time-series studies of unemployment and crime. In Australia t Abstract - Cited by 18 2 self - Add to MetaCart While official crime statistics from many countries show that unemployed people have high crime rates and that communities with a lot of unemployment experi-ence a lot of crime, this cross-sectional relationship is very often not found in time-series studies of unemployment and crime.
In Australia there have been no individual-level or cross-sectional studies of unemployment and adult crime which have failed to find a positive relationship and no time-series which have supported a positive relationship.
Consistent with this pattern, a time series of homicide from to in Australia reveals no significant unemployment effect. A theoretical resolution of this apparent paradox is advanced in terms of the effect of female employment on crime in a partriarchal society.
Crime is posited as a function of both total unemployment and female employment. When female employment is added to the model, it has a strong positive effect on homicide, and unemployment also assumes a strong positive effect. Is there a single logic of explanation common to all empirical social scientific re-search? Is that logic a statistical one? Although their book seems to be oriented primarily to Abstract - Cited by 17 0 self - Add to MetaCart Is there a single logic of explanation common to all empirical social scientific re-search?
Although their book seems to be oriented primarily to the practical problems of research design in do-. Strategies for studying causation in complex ecological- political systems by Thomas Homer-dixon - Journal of Environment and Development , This article shows that some commonly advocated methodological principles of modern political science are inapprapriate for the study of complex ecological-political systems.
It also provides conceptual tools for thinking about the causal roles of environmental and demographic factors, and it discus Abstract - Cited by 17 0 self - Add to MetaCart This article shows that some commonly advocated methodological principles of modern political science are inapprapriate for the study of complex ecological-political systems. Thus, fully centralized "maximal," see above federalism is often accompanied by a strong governing party, rendering federal divisions "quite meaningless.
Thus, measuring the degree of federalism requires measuring the degree of party centralization. And Riker measures party centralization according to 1 whether the party that controls the central government also controls the regional governments and 2 the strength of party discipline.
Note that, in practice, looking at both party strength and institutional divisions is analogous to the veto players approach, which looks for both institutional and partisan veto players. From his comparative examination of federal states, Riker notes that the following "four features that are present in every federalism existing since ":. Obviously the first feature is not a logical precondition, or else the USA would not have formed.
And nobody has given a logical reason to expect the second to be necessary. Riker argues that only the third and fourth reasons are necessary conditions. Thus, federalism emerges as the result of a "federal bargain. So states join in federal unions for geopolitical reasons. The central hypothesis: If federalism is indeed a rational bargain aimed at a Pareto-optimal outcome, then "In every successfully formed federalism it must be the case that a significant external or internal threat or a significant opportunity for aggression is present, where the threat can be forestalled and the aggression carried out only with a bigger government" page Also, those states that break up must do so only if there are no significant external or internal threats, and those that switch over to unitary govt must only do so if "provincial loyalty is relatively weak.
Critique: Note that the primary hypothesis, as stated, sets Riker up to select on the independent variable. He should also look for the opposite condition: Whenever the two conditions are met, federalism is the result. Riker examines several cases to verify these claims, generally finding evidence in favor with his argument. Riker makes considerable effort to chastise those who make conclusions about federalism without following an adequately scientific process. Science, he claims, requires two steps: First, you declare your theoretical reasons for a prediction, second, you empirically test them.
Inductive approaches are likely to yield incorrect conclusions.
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